The Landscape Design of Mountain Village in Western China During the Process of NewType Urbanization

The unique geography and climatic condition determines the landscape environment characteristics of mountain village in western China. In recent years, with the fast development of the urban-rural integration and urbanization process, the traditional rural landscape is gradually transiting to the modern rural landscape. In the course of transformation, the natural patches and semi-natural patches that can reflect local culture are replaced constantly by artificial patches, which makes natural elements decrease and fade away in rural landscape. Aiming at this phenomenon, paying attention to ecology, protecting the local culture and fully utilizing natural landscape resources gradually become the dominant idea of rural landscape planning under the impetus of the new-type urbanization core concepts. This paper investigates and explores the existing problems in rural landscape environment, analyzes its influencing factors and control elements and proposes design strategies to cope with the situation. The design strategies with local native soil characteristic are realized in Li jiayuan village in Qing muchuan town project, and it can play the role of demonstration in the design of rural landscape.


INTRODUCTION
China is a mountainous country, its mountain area accounts for about 70% of the country's total area.In western China, the mountain area widely distributed, and mountain village are the characteristic of complex terrain and various types of climate, as shown in Fig. (1).In addition, there are different ways of living and producing.All those make the evolution of rural landscape take on various forms in western China [1].
In recent years, the rural landscape environment is changing quickly under the impetus of the new-type urbanization core concepts in western China.The landscape environment of mountain village is different from city landscape environment.It should be a synthesis that has the characters landscape environment emphasizes on ecology and can reflect the sustainable development becomes the mainstream consciousness of the whole society.Therefore, the study on the landscape environment has realistic significance under the impetus of the new-type urbanization core concepts.

The Characteristic of New-Type Urbanization
The characteristic of new-type urbanization focuses on urban and rural development, urban-rural integration, ecological and livable civic environment, harmonious development, the core of new-type urbanization is that realizing the integration of urban and rural basic infrastructure and the equality of basic public services, promoting the economic and social development and achieving common prosperity without the paying the price of the agriculture and food, ecology and environment.

The Current Situation of Mountain Rural Landscape Environment
In recent years, with the implementation of the western development strategy and with the fast development of new-type urbanization, the situation of mountain village in western China has changed greatly.Some problems list in Table 1, it is based on the research on the mountain village in western China [2].They are explained as the following.

Examples of photos
The impact of modernization residence to environment in traditional village The traditional dwelling and modernization residences on both sides of the street in Qing muchuan Town.

The impact of rubbish to environment in village
The environmental pollution is serious in village The space under the eaves of the traditional dwelling is the important place for villagers' daily life.
Space under the eaves of the traditional dwelling is fading in the modernization residence The space under the eaves of the traditional dwelling is fading in the modernization residence The Problems of the old dwelling The dilapidated dwelling of Daping village in Sichuan province The Problems of the old dwelling environment and installations The wood and coal is the principal fuel in villagers' daily life.In addition, the distance of the domestic animals and dwelling is too closed that the sanitation is poor in villages.
(1) The irrational land-use structure Land resource is rich in the mountain village in western China, but because of the geographic restriction, the large swathes of plain land is relatively little.Therefore, the villagers' buildings distribute on the hillside and that are built according to the terrain.In recent years, with the fast development of rural economy, villagers have more and more economic capacity and enthusiasm to transform their envi-ronment.In order to meet the needs of daily life and production, they not only transform or build their building, but also transform their surrounding environment and open the outdoor environment.However, because of the lack of overall planning, the land-use structure is irrational.For example, the layout of building is scattered and messy, and the functional partition is chaotic.That kind of phenomenon is very common.
(2) The decline of natural landscape quality With the development of mountain village and the improvement of villagers' living standards, villagers are increasingly fond of urban living environment and transform the exterior environment of their building.During the transformation of exterior environment, the primary landscape characteristic should be protected in mountain village that is rich in natural landscape.However, because of the lack of effective management, the natural landscape quality is declining constantly.
(3) The lack of communion between landscape environments At present, villagers transform their exterior environment of building, which is one kind of spontaneously behave.Due to the lack of overall planning, the primary rural environment is replaced constantly by the new rural environment, even some primary rural environment that still existed appears piecemeal.And the rural environment that replaces primary rural environment will lag behind with the development of the times.There are many contradictions between new environment and primary environment and between reality and the future.
(4) The disappear of local characters and the worsening pollution Industrial civilization brings unprecedented material wealth and comfortable life for people.But it has some inevitable concomitants such as the depressed situation of countryside.In recent years, more and more natural patches and semi-natural patches such as the ponds, old trees, wells and orchards that can reflect local rural flavor and culture constantly give way to the artificial patches such as the cement road, waterscape and squares.And the new technology and new material affect seriously the traditional rural environment and its diversity.At the same time, more and more harden ground in the courtyard make the water permeability of ground and the function as natural air conditioner decrease, and the green area reduce around the building.Those changes make the pollution of rural environment worsen.

Influence Factors
The form and style of landscape environment in mountain village are formed under the special natural geographical conditions.At the same time, they are also influenced by the local development of humanity history.These factors that influence the form and style of landscape environment include geography, climate, social, economy and culture [3].They are divided into two categories of natural factor and social factor.(2) Social factor Social factor also affects the form and characteristic of landscape environment besides natural factor.The affect degree of social factor and natural factor changes constantly with the development of society.The degree of human civilization is more advanced, the affect degree of natural factor is weaker and the affect degree of social factor is more powerful.Otherwise, the degree of human civilization is less backward, the affect degree of natural factor is more powerful and the affect degree of social factor is weaker [4].

Control element
(1) Pay attention to the microclimate A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area.Its formation is relevant with the landform, vegetation, soil property, architectural complex of local area and the specialty of human or biological activity.Good microclimate can strengthen people's comfort [5].
The vegetation is one prime part of external environment.It forms the greening entity that is helpful to form good microclimate.And its adjustment function is regarded as one very easy and straightforward method to adjust environment because the vegetation has the function of lowering the temperature and increasing humidity.Information available at present suggests that the greening entity can lower the environment temperature that ranges from 1-3 o C and whose max value is 7.6 o C, and suggests that the greening entity can increase the air relative humidity that ranges from 3 to 12% and whose max value is 33% [6].The adjustment function of different greening entity is diverse that is shown in Fig. (3).Generally, the more complex the structure of greening entity is, the more obvious the function of lowering temperature and increasing humidity is.(2) Ideal landscape model "Any peoples and culture has its unique ideal environment model.The model includes some ideal characteristic that is common to human.Its forming process has tight connection to special peoples and culture" [7].In Table 2, there are three ideal landscape models in Chinese culture.Because of the difference in cultural background, religious faith and appreciation of the beauty, people in different district have different opinion on ideal landscape model.
(3) Good environment body Good environment body is the people who have desired value in certain environment.For those people who have different cultural background, they have different levels of perception and cognition for environment.Environment has usable function, it is regarded as the appreciated object for most people to a large extent [8].Good environment that we live must be created and built by good environment body, at the same time, the user and experiencer should have the same ideas as creator and builder.Only in this way can the good environment be realized and kept.
(4) Creating the larger living environment Village is made up of residences, which means that the external environment of residence affects straightly people's larger living environment.Here, the larger living environment is equivalent to the traditional living environment.In village, the living environment is divided into indoor environment, courtyard environment, according to the developmental sequence and size of village environment.Therefore, when the landscape environment of village is designed, many factors should be taken into account to meet villagers' Table 2. Three patterns of the landscape.

Patterns of the landscape Principal character
The landscape feeling

Kunlun Mountain
The high mountain surrounded by riptide and abyss.Magnificent

Penglai
The island in the sea surrounded by seawater and riptide.Unconventional The pattern of fairyland and god domain in Chinese culture

Hutian
Its intracavity large and its entrance small.Sequestered The best pattern is defined in Fengshui theory This place is surrounded by water and mountains, with wide hall and stretches of watercourse.

The pattern of Mount Sumeru
The high mountain surrounded by mountains and water.
different needs.Actually, we take into account the factor of villagers' living and production requirement, and transform properly the environment.When we form the good little environment finally, the larger environment that is delightful and livable is created [9].

THE ECOLOGICAL DESIGN OF RURAL LAND-SCAPE IN MOUNTAIN VILLAGE--TAKE LI JIA-YUAN VILLAGE FOR EXAMPLE
Qing muchuan town stands the northwest corner of Ningqiang County, Shaanxi.It lies in the neighboring region of Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan province, which makes it get a good reputation of "one foot in the three provinces".Many beautiful natural and human landscapes in Qing muchuan town is shown in Fig. ( 4) [10].The village of Li jiayuan, as our research object, lies at about 6 kilometers east of the Qing muchuan town.Its highest elevation is 920 meter and lowest elevation is 700 meter.It belongs to mountain area.It bears a subtropical monsoon climate with plenty of sunshine and good rainfall.The village with 121 families whose population is 428 is divided into four teams.It is designated as the poor village that needs major support because there are 66 poor families with 198 villagers in 2010.
In order to improve the dwelling environments of Li jiayuan village, we make a field investigation and conclude the existing problems of village landscape environment.Finally, we put forward the ecological strategy of building Li jiayuan village.

Respecting Traditions and Stress the Local Characteristics
The landscape environment design of mountain village should stress the local characteristics and avoid the problem of "the urban and rural appearance is same and the urban and rural differences disappear" [11].Therefore, the penetration of traditional culture is regarded as one important strategy to keep the characteristics of landscape environment of mountain village.
(1) The rural folk house and landscape environment Buildings do not exist in isolation.In essence, building is one part of artificial environment, so its spatial patterns will affect straightly the environment.Similarly, for any buildings, different environment has different effect on them.
Due to the geographical conditions, the dwellings scatter in mountain village, which cause a unique landscape.The folk house is one important part of rural environment, so we carefully handle the relation of the folk house and environments so that the building coordinates fully with its surrounding environment when we design it.We hope a better result that the building and its surrounding environment can integrate and make building become one signs or ornament of environment, as shown in Fig. (5) [12].Therefore, our design practices of external environment accord to the terrain to show its best characteristic, weaken the part that is not ideal, and make artificial landscape integrate perfectly with natural landscape on the premise of trying our best to protect original ecological environment.For example, all the hedgerow, orchard and farmland, even the distant dark, lakes and horizon are the design conditions and factors.

Humanized and Public Participation
In mountain village, we should respect the villagers' modes of production and living habits, listen to the villagers' idea and require, make the villagers participate in the design.Because only the villagers' participation in decision making can arouse their enthusiasm and consciousness.However, "public participation" is different with "completely laissez-faire", because of the villagers' low education and lack of considering ability in the long term planning, they are usually focus on the immediate interests, the designer should plays a role in the guidance to avoid losses in long-term interests.For example, in order to create an ideal external environment, we can let the villagers put forward some ideas in the process of external environment design, such as the form, the structure, material, color of the construction, etc, then realize their ideas as far as possible in the process of the overall design and implementation.

According to Local Conditions and Cyclic Regeneration
The process of cyclic regeneration is circulation-recycle process.While it is realized, the resource should be protected, restrictedly used and rationally used.The concept of cyclic regeneration in village landscape environment construction means the recycling of resources to resolve various environmental problems at present stage.
(1) The use of solar energy 1) Folk house-whether in city or village, the orientation is the important consideration of buildings, the solar energy be utilized fully combined with the building direction in cold areas.For example, in some areas, that the sunspace is attached in the south of buildings will not only improve the indoor temperature, but also enrich in building external space effect, as shown in Fig. (6).
2) All kinds of landscape facilities-with the decrease of resource, the idea of low carbon and energy-saving are expressed in landscape design, all kinds of landscape facilities will be design combined with solar equipment.Such as solar street lamp, photovoltaic sculpture and solar landscape pavilion, etc.
(2) The application of biogas In order to realize the virtuous cycle of environment and promote village development, we can implement the 'clean project' in village, promote the biogas that provides some cooking energy and that can be got from human and animal excrement, crop straw, plant stems and leaves, which can change the status quo of branches as cooking energy in a long time.

CONCLUSION
The landscape design and construction of mountain village in western China should be finished on the premise of considering the local geography, climate and economy factor, etc. in an all-sided manner.The landscape environment design in special area cannot be copy the model of other area, it should be designed to solve the existing problems under the guidance of ecology design idea, and the landscape environment with local characteristic must be ecological finally.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

( 1 )
Natural FactorBecause of the different geographical location, there are many wide differences of natural condition such as climate, temperature, humidity and landform.Those differences have the obvious region characteristic when they act in the outdoor environment.The region characteristic is shown in Fig.(2).

Fig. ( 2 )
Fig. (2) The landscape environment of Chengkan village in Anhui & Caves create a unique landscape in north of Shaanxi.

Fig. ( 5 )
Fig. (5) The folk house distribution in mountain village & The fusion of architecture and environment.

( 2 )
Other landscape factorsThe land is rich in mountain village.The wide and unique view, composed by the field and woodland, is the biggest characteristic of external space of mountain village.It displays strong local flavor and has original local form.